Non-Importation is defined in Webster’s dictionary as “to Not import from”. Examples date back from colonial times when the colonist signed documents promising not to import certain items from Britain or Europe. A more modern example is the Non-Importation act against Cuba. The United States has refused to export to or import from Cuba because of its communist government.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Importation”
The Country Commercial Guides (CCG) are reports, prepared by United States Commercial Service offices around the world, which provide comprehensive commercial information for U.S. companies looking to do business in a specific country.
The type of information you will find includes:
- Economic & Political Environment
- Leading Sectors for U.S. Export and Investment
- Trade Regulations, Customs and Standards
- Investment Climate
- Business Travel
External links
This United States government-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_commercial_guides”
fisheries & fishing
marketing
live trade
shrimps
fish markets
chasse-marée
fish processing
fish products
fishing industry
The live food fish trade is a global system that links fishing communities with markets, primarily in Hong Kong and mainland China. Many of the fish are captured on coral reefs in Southeast Asia or the Pacific Island nations.
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Consumer demand
Live fish trade has two parts to it, both food fish (for dinner) as well as ornamental fish (for aquariums). While the fish can come from many different places, the majority comes from Southeast Asia.
Within the live food trade there are certain types of fish demanded more frequently by consumers, particularly smaller and medium sized fish. According to the book While Stocks Last: The Live Reef Food Fish Trade consumer demand has caused the fish captured on coral reefs to be the most valued fish in the trade. Consumers are important because they are directly purchasing these fish species at restaurants and stores. In addition to these types of fishes, many juvenile fish are used for the live food trade. There are also cultural and regional preferences among consumers, for example, Chinese consumers often prefer their fish to be reddish in color believing the color to be auspicious (Sadovy, Y.J, 393). These preferences inevitably affect the biodiversity of marine life making certain fish species rarer to find.
The life fish food trade is a lucrative business. According to University of Washington Professor Patrick Christie, live fish caught for food export earns approximately $6000 a ton. To help support themselves and their families, fishermen in Oceania and Southeast Asia sometimes employ illegal fishing methods. Although many feel the fish are worth the cost, a typical dinner can cost up to one hundred dollars per kilogram. The wholesale value on these fish is anywhere from eleven US dollars to sixty-three US dollars per kilogram, meaning there’s a large markup and resale value. (Hong Kong alone is estimated to be about four hundred million US dollars a year.) A large part of the live food fish trade is that there is a lot of money being made here. Because this trade frequently uses illegal methods of collecting (using cyanide), there is no way to know for sure how much money is being made each year on live fish trade, although estimates conclude probably over one billion US dollars each year.
As is often the case, consumers are willing to pay large amounts of money on rare and fresh fish. One 500-pound, polka-dot grouper, estimated to be more than a century old, was hacked into fillets by seven kitchen workers in about half an hour, the Economist reports. It was expected to bring about $15,000. (Moll 1996)
Market and trade routes
The center for the Live Food Fish Trade is located in Hong Kong — the markets consumers contribute $400 million to the estimated $1 billion of the trades global value (Seaweb). Total imports flowing into Hong Kong included 10153 metric tons, of which 30 percent was re-exported to mainland China (Montaldi). Other major markets include Singapore, mainland China, and Taiwan (Graham). The primary suppliers of wild caught fish are Indonesia (accounting for nearly 50 percent of Hong Kong’s imports), Thailand, Malaysia, Australia, and Vietnam (Graham). However, Taiwan and Malaysia are leading the charge towards farmed live fish specializing in an industry that “harvested annually has probably been in the billions (Graham).” Farming live fish is gaining popularity as tastes for live fish are burgeoning across South Asia and countries look to become more and more self sustainable, this is appareant in nations with sizable Chinese populations such as Indonesia and Malaysia.
Hong Kong and China are the dominant markets for the live fish, in addition to other cities in the region that have large Chinese populations, including Singapore and Kuala Lumpur(BusinessWorld Nov. 1999). In Southeast Asia, Singapore alone consumes 500 tons of live coral fish a year(ibid). Exports from Southeast Asia rose to over 5,000 tons in 1995 from 400 tons in 1989(ibid). However, in 1996, exports declined by 22%(ibid). Indonesia, which accounts for over 60% of the harvest, saw exports falling by over 450 tons(ibid). That same year, other Southeast Asian countries have experienced similar drops in stocks of live coral fish for food(ibid). In 1996, the Philippines’ exports were halved, while Malaysian exports declined by over 30%(ibid). These decreases in catch have been due to the excessive amount of fish caught for exports and the degradation of the coral reefs from such procedures.
Corruption in the trade
The live fish trade is a complex issue that involves many different perspectives, all of which must be considered in trying to approach a solution. While, at first, one may point the finger at the fishermen themselves as the criminals, there are many other factors. One is the economic disparity of many of the communities that participate in cyanide, dynamite, or other illegal fishing practices. 40% of the Filipino population and 27% of the Indonesian population is considered to be in poverty. Many whose livelihood once depended on fishing or agriculture are realizing it is more lucrative to participate in illegal fishing activities.
Community members who are not a part of the trade are affected by the activities of these illegal fishers. The cyanide fishers profit by taking away from everyone else’s trade and food. (Lowe, 7) ‘If people were using poison and my take dropped to only a little, I would accept it,’ Puah said. ‘But I feel heartsick…I catch nothing at all. I have not caught a big fish in a month so there’s no point in going fishing this afternoon.’” (Lowe, 7) The local people are often helpless to protect themselves, as government and law enforcement officials have “open pockets” and are also involved in the trade by turning a blind eye to the illegal actions and receiving a take of the profits. “Culpability in cyanide use cannot be understood apart from the larger structures of corruption that permeates resource extraction throughout Indonesia. The Indonesian State bureaucracy extends from Jakarta down to the village level, and radiates out into villages through kinship connections. It is the factor most tightly correlated with illegal trade in natural resources throughout Indonesia.” (Lowe, 
Cause and effect
Coral reefs found in the South Pacific are regarded as the “rainforest of the sea” harboring countless fish species large and small. However, recently the live fish trade has threatened the sanctity of these endangered areas. The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network has issued a recent report that estimates that 25% of the world’s reefs are severely damaged and another third are in grave danger. (Moore Online) The live fish trade is part of this alarming ecological trend caused by the popular use of cyanide which is injected into the coral reefs in order to stun inhabiting fish so they can be easily caught by nets. It is estimated that since the 1960s, more than one million kilograms of cyanide has been squirted into Philippine reefs alone, and since then the practice has spread throughout the South Pacific. (Moore Online) The live fish trade is only growing, in 1994 the Philippines exported 200,000 kg of live fish; by 2004 the Philippines were annually exporting 800,000 kg annually. (Aguiba Online) Although Asian markets are the primary buyers of live reef fish for food, the recently created U.S. Coral Reef Task Force has concluded that the U.S. is the primary purchaser of live reef fish for aquariums as well as eclectic jewelry. (Moore Online) Even though the use of cyanide in the live fish trade is severely detrimental, one must realize that this issue is multidimensional. Small-scale native fishermen of the small South Pacific coastal communities are the backbone of the live fish trade, and are forced to resort to the illegal use of sodium cyanide due to demand and high prices offered by the industry.
Fishing techniques
While live food fish trade can be very profitable for those involved, there are numerous dangerous aspects to it. Through the use of illegal practices such as cyanide fishing, coral reefs and fish communities are put in grave danger. The process of cyanide fishing involves injecting crushed cyanide tablets and squirting this solution from a bottle toward the targeted fish on top of coral heads. Specifically, the cyanide kills coral polyps, symbiotic algae, and other coral reefs organisms that are necessary for maintaining the health of the coral reef. These damages eventually deteriorate the coral reef and lead it into collapse of the entire coral reef ecosystem. The effect on the targeted fish is disorientation and semi-paralysis. After being squirted with cyanide the fish is easy brought to the surface and kept alive in small, on board container. Fishermen often understand that this practice is harmful and will offer locals a portion of the fish in order to continue fishing. When ingested, small levels of cyanide accumulate in the system causing weakness of fingers and toes, failure of the thyroid gland and blurred vision. Divers without experience may come in direct contact with cyanide, causing death. Estimates indicate that since the 1960’s, over a million kilograms of cyanide have been squirted into the coral reefs of the Philippines alone (Bryant et al.). The harm upon the reefs is coming full circle and having a social impact through the limited fish stocks. As fish are depleted from these fishing techniques, the fishermen are having a more difficult time feeding themselves (Cyanide). Additionally, the use of explosives may be used as a fishing technique in the live food fish trade. While the majority of these fish do not survive the blast of such explosions, the remaining fish that are only stunned are collected for the live food fish trade. The use of cyanide makes a stronger argument in that the more coral reef fish captured alive, the more lucrative the catch is for the fisherman. Live fish, according to the , fetch five times more than a dead fish (Cyanide). This is why banning the live-fish trade would similarly harm the reefs. Fisherman would resort to the “dead fish trade”, be forced to deal in a larger quantity of fish, and the process of dangerous fishing techniques continues. To illustrate the effects of repeated explosions in the proximity of a coral reef system, roughly one half of the coral reefs in Komodo National Park in Indonesia have been destroyed (Moore). The use of cyanide and explosives in fishing proves to be an effective technique in catching fish, but its powers are indiscriminating and as a result the coral reefs are being held hostage to such practices. The future of the reefs are in question just as are the futures of those who subsist from them because “from a long term perspective, the quetion of ethics of using the ocean…contains a commitment for future generations” (Grover 129).
Impacts on humans
In communities like those in the Philippines and Indonesia, people are participating in the live food fish trade because it is a source of income, or at least a source of temporary income. For some communities this is one of the few income-generating opportunities. Along with the environmental, ecological, and economic consequences of this industry, there are serious health risks as well. Because of inadequate training and lack of quality equipment, divers, especially young men are in large risk of paralysis. (Donaldson 2003)
Sustainable practices
Because of the great profitability of this industry, there is a great incentive to identify sustainable practices. The Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) works to provide the hobbyist with a product that is certified as environmentally sound and sustainable. Additionally, the International Marinelife Alliance (IMA), The Nature Conservancy (TNC), and MAC are working with the Hong Kong Chamber of Seafood Merchants to develop standards for the live fish trade. The Hong Kong Seafood Merchants represent ninety percent of the buyers of live reef food fish in Hong Kong and have an extensive impact on collection practices.
Aquaculture
In an effort to address the damage inflicted on coral reef eco-systems and fish stocks, aquaculture is being utilized to reduce pressure on coral reefs. However, initial efforts to farm grouper have met with significant challenges. There are difficulties with fragile grouper seed that can make it more expensive than wild caught larvae, which can affect natural replenishment rates. Additionally, there are problems with finding suitable food, disease and cannibalism (Johannes and Ogburn). Efforts are also being made in regards to the aquarium fish trade. Juvenile fish are being captured and raised specifically for the industry. However, there are debates as to whether this practice will affect replenishment rates. “The age of the juveniles is pivotal to the debate, harvesting of postlarvae from the water column is considered to have a much lower (negligible) impact on rates of replenishment than the removal of the larger juveniles from benthic habitats because the postlarvae have yet to undergo severe mortality” (Bell, Doherty and Hair). If studies determine that the capture of juveniles is sustainable, it may help in mitigating the damage from cyanide fishing.
It should also be noted that aquaculture production, specifically grouper rearing is rapidly expanding in Asia. From 1998 to 2001 the Indo-Pacific countries involved in aquaculture; China, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand witnessed a 119 percent increase in output (FAO fishery Information Data and Statistics Unit 2003). The explosion in this practice can most likely be attributed to the large profit margins that can be derived in very little time. It is estimated that the majority of farms after annual returns can be paid back in less than one year (Siar et al. 2002). In comparison to other species of fish such as the Milkfish, the Grouper, because of high demand is able to garner high rates of return, in order to earn 1,000 dollars a grouper farm would only have to raise 400 kilograms in contrast to 5,000 kilograms of Milkfish (Ibid).
References
Fisheries and fishing
Fisheries
Fisheries science · Management · Quota · Wild · Habitats · Farmed · Aquaculture · Fish types
Fishing
Fishing history · Fishing vessels · Environment
Industry
Commercial fishing · Processing · Products · Marketing · Markets
Recreational
Angling · Game fishing · Fly fishing
Tackle
Hook · Line · Sinker · Rod · Bait · Lures · Artificial flies · Bite alarms
Techniques
Gathering · Spearfishing · Line fishing · Netting · Trawling · Trapping · Other
Locations
Fishing by country · Localities · Communities · Fishing banks
List of topics by subject
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_food_fish_trade”
A commercial invoice is document used in foreign trade. It is used as a customs declaration provided by the person or corporation that is exporting an item across international borders. Although there is no standard format, the document must include a few specific pieces of information such as the parties involved in the shipping transaction, the goods being transported, the country of manufacture, and the Harmonized System codes for those goods. A commercial invoice must also include a statement certifying that the invoice is true, and a signature.
A commercial invoice is primarily used to calculate tariffs.
A sample commercial invoice format
COMMERCIAL INVOICE
SENDER:
ABC Company
3 N. Main St.
Anytown, State, USA
Phone:999-999-9999
Fax: 999-999-9999
Tax ID/VAT/EIN# nnnnnnnnnn
RECIPIENT:
XYZ Company
3 Able End
There, Shropshire, UK
Phone:99-99-9999
Invoice Date: 12 December 2007
Invoice Number: 0256982
Carrier tracking number: 526555598
Sender’s Reference: 5555555
Carrier: GHI Transport Company
Recipient’s Reference: 5555555
Quantity
Country of Origin
Description of Contents
Harmonised Code
Unit Weight
Unit Value
Subtotal (USD)
1,000
United States of America
Widgets
999999
2
10.00
10,000
Total Net Weight (lbs):
2,000
Total Declared Value (USD):
10,000
Total Gross Weight (lbs):
2,050
Freight and Insurance Charges (USD):
300.00
Total Shipment Pieces:
1,000
Other Charges (USD):
30.00
Currency Code:
USD
Total Invoice Amount (USD):
10,000
Type of Export: Permanent
Terms of Trade: Delivery Duty Unpaid
Reason for Export: stated reason
General Notes: notes and comments
The exporter of the products covered by this document - customs authorization number - declares that, except where otherwise clearly indicated, these products are of United States Of America preferential origin.
I/We hereby certify that the information on this invoice is true and correct and that the contents of this shipment are as stated above.
Name, Position in exporting company, company stamp, signature
References
This international trade related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_invoice”
The Agreement on Agriculture is an international treaty of the World Trade Organization. It was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO on January 1, 1995.
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Three Pillars
The AoA has three central concepts, or “pillars”: domestic support, market access and export subsidies
Domestic support
The first pillar of the AoA is “domestic support”. The AoA structures domestic support (subsidies) into three categories or “boxes”: a Green Box, an Amber Box and a Blue Box. The Green Box contains fixed payments to producers for environmental programs, so long as the payments are “decoupled” from current production levels. The Amber Box contains domestic subsidies that governments have agreed to reduce but not eliminate. The Blue Box contains subsidies which can be increased without limit, so long as payments are linked to production-limiting programs.
The AoA’s domestic support system currently allows Europe and the USA to spend $380 billion every year on agricultural subsidies alone. “It is often still argued that subsidies are needed to protect small farmers but, according to the World Bank, more than half of EU support goes to 1% of producers while in the US 70% of subsidies go to 10% of producers, mainly agri-businesses.” . The effect of these subsidies is to flood global markets with below-cost commodities, depressing prices and undercutting producers in poor countries – a practice known as dumping.
Market Access
“Market access” is the second pillar of the AoA, and refers to the reduction of tariff (or non-tariff) barriers to trade by WTO member-states. The 1995 AoA required tariff reductions of:
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) were exempted from tariff reductions, but either had to convert non–tariff barriers to tariffs—a process called tariffication—or “bind” their tariffs, creating a “ceiling” which could not be increased in future.
Export subsidies
“Export subsidies” is the third pillar of the AoA. The 1995 AoA required developed countries to reduce export subsidies by at least 35% (by value) or by at least 21% (by volume) over the five years to 2000.
Criticism
The AoA has been criticised by civil society groups for reducing tariff protections for small farmers – a key source of income for developing countries. At the same time, the AoA has allowed rich countries to continue paying their farmers massive subsidies which developing countries cannot afford.
See also
External links
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture”
This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (September 2006)
Offshore outsourcing is the practice of hiring an external organization to perform some business functions in a country other than the one where the products or services are actually developed or manufactured. It can be contrasted with offshoring, in which the functions are performed in a foreign country by a foreign subsidiary. Opponents point out that the practice of sending work overseas by countries with higher wages reduces their own domestic employment and domestic investment. Many customer service jobs as well as jobs in the infotech sectors (data entry, computer programming, and customer support) in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom - have been or are potentially affected.
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Types
There are four basic types of offshore outsourcing:
Criteria
The general criteria for a job to be offshore-able are:
The driving factor behind the development of offshore outsourcing has been the need to cut costs while the enabling factor has been the global electronic internet network that allows digital data to be accessed and delivered instantly, from and to almost anywhere in the world.
Countries involved
Some of the major countries/districts that provide such services are India ( Full Spectrum Services ), Ukraine (Programming and R&D), Brazil (Web & Software Programming,Game Development,IT Support,Network Solutions,Offshore Outsourcing Service), Argentina (Web & Software Programming,Game Development,IT Support,Network Solutions,Offshore Outsourcing Service),Indonesia (Programming, Data Entry, Customer Support), China (Programming, Data Entry, Customer Support, F&A), Philippine (Customer Support, Programming, Animation, Transcription), Russia (Programming and R&D), Pakistan (Programming, Customer Support), Panama (Programming, Customer Support), Nepal (Programming, Customer Support), Bangladesh (Web & Software Programming,Game Development,IT Support,Network Solutions,Offshore Outsourcing Service), Bulgaria (Programming and R&D), Belarus (Programming, R&D), Romania (Programming and IT), the Philippines (Programming, R&D, Data Entry and Customer Support), Egypt (Customer Support and Programming), Malaysia (Customer Support and R&D), and many others.
Impact of the Internet
The widespread use and availability of the Internet has enabled individuals and small businesses to contract freelancers from all over the world to get projects done at a lower cost due to lower wages and property prices. Crowdsourcing systems such as Mechanical Turk have added the element of scalability, allowing businesses to outsource information tasks across the Internet to thousands of workers.
This trend runs in parallel with the tendency towards outsourcing in larger corporations, and may serve to strengthen small business’ capacity to compete with their larger competitors capable of setting up offshore locations, or of arriving at major contracts with offshore companies. See Freelancing on the Internet.
Source of conflict
There are different views on the impact on the various societies affected, which reflects the attitude of Protectionism versus Free Trade. Some see it as a potential threat to the domestic job market in the developed world and ask for government protective measures (or at least closer scrutiny of existing trade practices), while others, including the countries who receive the work, see it as an opportunity. Free-trade advocates suggest economies as a whole will obtain a net benefit from labor offshoring, but it is unclear if the displaced receive a net benefit.
One issue offshoring of technical services has brought more attention to is the value of education as an alleged solution to trade-related displacements. Education may no longer be a comparative advantage of high-wage nations because the cost of education may be lower in the nations involved in the controversy. While it is true that education is usually considered helpful to competitiveness in general, an “education arms race” with low-wage nations may not pay off.
Sources
Economist.Com Recommendations from November 11, 2004 Special Survey Edition
For a new topic, outsourcing has produced a huge volume of research, not all of it worthwhile. Here is a sprinkling of some of the better stuff:
From the McKinsey Global Institute
“Offshoring: Is It a Win-Win Game?”, August 2003
“New Horizons: Multinational Company Investment in Developing Economies”, October 2003
“Can Germany Win from Offshoring?”, Diana Farrell, July 2004
“Exploding the Myths of Offshoring”, Martin Baily and Diana Farrell, July 2004
From the Boston Consulting Group
“China: The Pursuit of Competitive Advantage and Profitable Growth”, July 2003
“Capturing Global Advantage”, April 2004
Academia
“The New Wave of Outsourcing”, Ashok Deo Bardham and Cynthia Kroll, University of California at Berkeley, Fisher Centre for Real Estate and Urban Economics Research Report, Fall 2003
“Globalisation of IT Services and White Collar Jobs: The Next Wave of Productivity Growth”, Catherine Mann, Institute for International Economics, December 2003
From The Brookings Institute
“Offshoring Service Jobs: Bane or Boon - and What to Do?”, Lael Brainard and Robert Litan, April 2004
“Offshoring, Import Competition, and the Jobless Recovery”, Charles Schultze, August 2004
“The Outsourcing Bogeyman”, Daniel Drezner, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2004
“Hardheaded Optimism About Globalisation”, Amar Bhide, Columbia University, forthcoming
From the Bureau of Labour Statistics
“Occupational Employment Projections to 2012”, Daniel Hecker, Monthly Labour Review, February 2004
“The 1988-2000 Employment Projections: How Accurate Were They?”, by Andrew Alpert and Jill Auyer, Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Spring 2003
From Forrester
“3.3m US Services Jobs To Go Offshore”, John McCarthy, November 2002
“Low-Cost Global Delivery Model Showdown”, John McCarthy, August 2004
“Two Speed Europe: Why 1 Million Jobs Will Move Offshore”, Andrew Parker, August 2004
See also
External links
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_outsourcing”
The Jamaican Free Zones are a controversial government free trade zone initiative in Jamaica. Designed to encourage foreign investment and international trade, businesses operating within these zones have no tax on their profits, and are exempted from customs duties on imports and exports (capital goods, raw materials, construction materials, and office equipment) and import licensing requirements. However, they must export 85 percent of their products outside of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).
There are five Jamaican Free Zones:
Kingston and Montego Bay are government-owned, while Cazoumar is privately-owned.
Companies outside of the zones can apply for free zone status as Single Entity Free Zones. Created under the Jamaica Export Free Zones Act, the zones are operated by the government. The zones were initially used to promote textile manufacturing and related industries, but the program has been expanded to include information technology, with addition clauses added to the act in 1996. Businesses that operate in the zones must be in the fields of manufacturing, warehousing and storage, distribution, processing, refining, assembly, packaging, or service operations.
From 1985-1995 the combined export output of the zones in textiles was US$1.31 billion. Around 12,000 people were employed in the textile factories, about 1.6 percent of the total workforce. However since 1995 the industry has been in a serious depression due to structural problems in Jamaica and increased foreign competition.
World Trade Organization rule changes agreed at the Doha Development Round will end export subsidies in 2007.
The free zones have been critized as United States-subsidized sweatshops. The 2001 documentary film Life and Debt features interviews with free zone workers, as well as with several prominent critics such as Michael Manley (the former Prime Minister of Jamaica), that support this view. The minimum wage is US$30 a week.
See also: Entrepôt
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Free_Zones”
The Certified Localisation Professional (CLP) programme (also spelled Certified Localization Professional (CLP), see spelling differences) provides for the education and certification of professionals working in internationalization and localization. It is offered by The Institute of Localisation Professionals (TILP) which has the primary aim of developing professional practices in localisation globally. As an institute, TILP is a professional body that sets examinations of competence and acts as a licensing authority for practitioners. TILP Between 2006 and 2008 it has been supported by the European Union TechLink Project under the Europe Asia IT&C Programme.
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Scope
The CLP programme is offered at three levels:
Each level is currently divided into three strands, each reflecting different professions within localisation:
TILP is involved in accreditation and accredits course providers offering courses leading to CLP certification. TILP itself offers courses leading to Level 1 certification and is planning to offer courses leading to Level 2 (in 2009) and Level 3 (in 2010).
Development Team
The CLP course material has been developed by members of The Institute of Localisation Professionals (TILP) in order to support the Institute’s mission of developing professionalism in the industry. The material has undergone a careful peer review process and will be constantly updated to reflect the rapid changes in the industry.
CLP Level 1
TILP CLP Level 1 courses are based on an online self-learning component and an intensive four-day onsite training and examination component. Both components have to be completed before Level 1 certification can be achieved.
Online course components cover the following modules:
The four-day onsite intensive training courses are being offered by members of the TILP Local Partnership programme in different locations around the world. The onsite training courses are delivered by TILP appointed and accredited trainers in collaboration with local partners. The content of the onsite courses is identical between locations, except for Day 1. The onsite courses are structured as follows:
Fee Structure and Benefits
Fees have been agreed with local partners to reflect the purchasing power of people living in the different regions where CLP courses are being offered. This is why course registration fees in developing regions are around €200 while fees in more developed regions are between €500 and €800 euro.
Course participants receive a special CLP Tools Distribution that includes full versions of:
Participants also receive:
The Institute of Localisation Professionals (TILP)
The Institute of Localisation Professionals (TILP) has the primary aim of developing professional practices in localisation globally. TILP is a non-profit organisation, owned by its members and lead by a Council elected at its Annual General Meeting. TILP represents both localisation industry professionals and professionals active in localisation-related areas.
Develop professional practices globally
It is the primary goal of TILP to develop professional practices in localisation globally. TILP represents localisation industry professionals and professionals active in localisation related areas. These include:
eContent providers
TILP aims to
Activities
To achieve its aims, TILP will provide professional certification and establish a register of professional members. It will also organise a range of related activities: Annual conference
Collaboration
The implementation of the CLP Programme is supported by the European Union of Associations of Translation Companies (EUATC).
The TechLink Project
The Europe-Asia Localisation Technology Training Initiative
TechLink will link two of Europe’s premier educational institutions in the areas of localisation technology, localisation training and distance learning - the Localisation Research Centre (LRC) based at the University of Limerick, Ireland, and the Intercultural Studies Groupat the Universitat Rovira I Virgili in Spain - with one of India’s premier software technology centres, the C-DAC Mumbai(formerly the National Centre for Software Technology) thus supporting its efforts to provide accredited teaching and training for localisers. The Institute of Localisation Professionals(TILP) will contribute its expertise in the area of professional certification.
TechLink’s objectives are to:
Develop distance teaching and training courses (eLearning).
TechLink will organise University and technical training courses in localisation, using European technology, information, curricula and teaching adapted to the needs and requirements of its Asian partners. Localisation skills will be upgraded, knowledge transferred, institutional capabilities improved, research will be integrated and curricula developed. Beneficiaries will be students, academic and business professionals especially Asian SMEs. The liaison and collaboration established during this project will be long lasting. Online course material is made available by TechLink (via TILP) for non-commercial use under the Creative Commons license and according to published policies. TechLink is supported by the European Union Europe Asia Programme
The European Union Europe Asia Programme
The Asia IT&C Programme was launched in October 1999 as an initiative by the European Union (EU) in order to co-finance mutually beneficial projects in Information Technology and Communication between Europe and Asia. Information Technology and Communication is a cross-cutting theme, which supports and enhances the development and co-operation policy of the EU. The total budget allocated to the First Phase of the Programme was €30 million. In November 2003 a Second Phase of the Asia IT&C Programme was approved. EU-Asia IT&C Phase II rolls out in 2004 and the indicative amount available for the 2004 Call will be €9.95 million. The Programme can supply up to 90% co-financing to Information Technology and Communication projects proposed by a consortium of non-profit organisations from EU Member States and selected Asian countries in the areas of agriculture, e-Governance, education, health, environment, and transport. The 90% co-financing will apply only to those actions, where the main beneficiaries are in one of the 8 Least Developed Counties.
See also
Notes
References
Look up internationalization, localization in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
FOSS Localization
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Localisation_Professional”
Managed services (as defined by Dr. Gerard Macioce) is the practice of transferring day-to-day related management responsibility as a strategic method for improved effective and efficient operations. The person or organization who owns or has direct oversight of the organization or system being managed is referred to as the offerer, client, or customer. The person or organization that accepts and provides the managed service is regarded as the service provider.
Typically, the offerer remains accountable for the functionality and performance of managed service and does not relinquish the overall management responsibility of the organization or system.
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Common managed services
Common managed services include but are not limited to:
Managed Services Companies
T3Networks Inc. Premier Technology Consulting
See also
References
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_services”
Monopolistic competition models are used under the rubric of imperfect competition in International Economics. This model is a derivative of the monopolistic competition model that is part of basic economics. Here it is tailored to international trade.
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Setting up the model
Monopolies are not often found in practice, the more usual market format is oligopoly: several firms, each of whom is big enough that a change in their price will affect the price of the other firms, but none with an unchallenged monopoly. When looking at oligopolies the problem of interdependence arises. Interdependence means that the firms will, when setting their prices, consider the effect this price will have on the actions of both consumers and competitors. For their part, the competitors will consider their expectations of the firm’s response to any action they may take in return. Thus, there is complex game with each side “trying to second guess each others’ strategies.” The Monopolistic Competition model is used because its simplicity allows the examination of one type of oligopoly while avoiding the issue of interdependence.
Benefits of the model
The appeal of this model is not its closeness to the real world but its simplicity. What this model accomplishes most is that it shows us the benefits to trade presented by economies of scale.
Assumptions of the model
Background of the Model
Q = S x
Notes
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