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“Bretton Woods II” is a term used by media

Contents

• 1 History
• 2 Previous informal usage
  • 2.1 History of the informal usage
• 3 Governments invited to the new Bretton Woods Conference
• 4 Issues and institutions that will be up for discussion at the proposed meeting
• 5 See also
• 6 Further reading
• 7 References

//

History

On September 26, 2008, French, and current European Union president, Nicolas Sarkozy, said, “we must rethink the financial system from scratch, as at Bretton Woods.”

On October 8, 2008, Argentine President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner said “the financial world crisis will need a strong regulation in the matter of financial markets and capital movements throughout the world. A new Bretton Woods will be needed”.

On October 13, 2008, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown said world leaders must meet to agree to a new economic system. “We must have a new Bretton Woods, building a new international financial architecture for the years ahead.”

Italian Economics Minister Giulio Tremonti has said that Italy will use its 2009 G7 chairmanship to push for a “New Bretton Woods.” He has been critical of the U.S.’s response to the global financial crisis of 2008, and has suggested that the dollar may be superseded as the base currency of the Bretton Woods system.

Previous informal usage

Bretton Woods II was an informal designation for the system of currency relations which developed during the 2000s. As described by political economist Daniel Drezner, “Under this system, the U.S. is running massive current account deficits to be the source of export-led growth for other countries. To fund this deficit, central banks, particularly those on the Pacific Rim, are buying up dollars and dollar-denominated assets.”

History of the informal usage

The notion of a “revived Bretton Woods system” was introduced in a 2003 paper by Dooley, Folkerts-Landau, and Garber, in which it is described as arising after the end of the Cold War, out of the choice of countries,

mainly in Asia,

In 2005, Roubini and Setser argued that the system is unsustainable:

If the US does not take policy steps to reduce its need for external financing before it exhausts the world’s central banks willingness to keep adding to their dollar reserves – and if the rest of the world does not take steps to reduce its dependence on an unsustainable expansion in US domestic demand to support its own growth – the risk of a hard landing for the US and global economy will grow. The basic outlines of a hard landing are easy to envision: a sharp fall in the value of the US dollar, a rapid increase in US long-term interest rates and a sharp fall in the price of a range of risk assets including equities and housing. The asset price adjustment would lead to a severe slowdown in the US, and the fall in US imports associated with the US slowdown and the dollar’s fall would lead to a global severe economic slowdown, if not an outright recession.

Governments invited to the new Bretton Woods Conference

The formula will be “G-7 plus”. In announcing the summit, US President George Bush said that summit would bring together members of the G20 industrial nations. The G-20 is made up of the G7 plus Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, and the European Union. The IMF and the World Bank also participate in G-20 meetings. The G-20 was set up to respond to the financial turmoil of 1997-99 through the development of policies that “promote international financial stability”. The G-20 comprises countries considered to be systemically important, but omits over 170 governments (192 governments are members of the United Nations).

Issues and institutions that will be up for discussion at the proposed meeting

There is no official agenda for the meeting as yet. German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy said “Bretton Woods II” should bring about “genuine, all-encompassing reform of the international financial system”. The Council of the European Union sees the meeting as “tak early decisions on transparency, global standards of regulation, cross-border supervision and crisis management, to avoid conflicts of interest and to create an early warning system, so as to engender confidence among savers and investors in every country.” In announcing the meeting, the spokesperson for US President George Bush said that “leaders will review progress being made to address the current financial crisis, advance a common understanding of its causes, and, in order to avoid a repetition, agree on a common set of principles for reform of the regulatory and institutional regimes for the world’s financial sector”. UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown, in a mid-October speech, set out several principles. These include transparency (internationally agreed accounting standards, credit insurance market standards), integrity (credit agencies, executive pay), responsibility (board member competency and expertise), sound banking practice (protecting against speculative bubbles).

The new international architecture Brown and others are discussing will allegedly involve an effective global early warning system for risk prevention, globally accepted standards to supervise cross-border capital flows and the activities of global firms, and stronger institutions for cooperative action in the event of crises. For CSOs it will be important that equity as well as stability is discussed at the conference and that fairer rules are developed for aid, debt, trade, investment, taxation and capital flight. The governance of the international financial institutions must be radically changed, fair debt workout mechanisms introduced, and much more.

See also

• Global financial crisis of 2008
• Foreign exchange reserves
• Exchange rate regime

Further reading

• Eurodad: Bretton Woods II conference FAQs
• Eurodad: IMF back in business as Bretton Woods II conference announced

References

1. ^ George Parker, Tony Barber and Daniel Dombey (October 16, 2008). “European call for ‘Bretton Woods II’”.
2. ^ Eurodad (October 16, 2008). “European call for ‘Bretton Woods II’”.
3. ^ George Parker, Tony Barber and Daniel Dombey (October 9, 2008). “Senior figures call for new Bretton Woods ahead of Bank/Fund meetings”.
4. ^ Página12 (October 8, 2008). ““Será necesario un nuevo Bretton Woods””.
5. ^ Agence France-Presse (AFP) (October 13, 2008). “World needs new Bretton Woods, says Brown”.
6. ^
7. ^ Italy queries dollar’s role in Bretton Woods reform. Reuters, October 16, 2008.
8. ^ Parmy Olson and Miriam Marcus. Bringing The Banking Mess To Broadway. Forbes (online), October 16, 2008.
9. ^ Guy Dinmore. Giulio Tremonti: A critic demands a new Bretton Woods. Financial Times (online), October 8, 2008.
10. ^ Caizzi, Ivo, “Bretton Woods #2 of LaRouche and Tremonti,”
11. ^ Daniel Drezner (February 24, 2005). “How Stable Is Bretton Woods 2?”.
12. ^ Michael P. Dooley, David Folkerts-Landau, Peter Garber (September 2003). “An Essay on the Revived Bretton Woods System”. National Bureau of Economic Research.
13. ^ Nouriel Roubini, Brad Setser (February 2005). “Will the Bretton Woods 2 Regime Unravel Soon? The Risk of a Hard Landing in 2005-2006″.

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v • d • e

Financial crisis of 2007–2008

Main issues

Economic crisis of 2008  · Financial crisis of 2007–2008

Specific issues

United States housing market correction · 2007–2008 world food price crisis · 2000s energy crisis · 2008 Central Asia energy crisis · Subprime mortgage crisis (timeline) · List of writedowns · Bankrupt or acquired banks  · Global financial crisis of 2008  • List of entities involved in 2007–2008 financial crises · Bretton Woods II

By country

Belgium · Iceland · Russia

Legislation

Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008  · Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 · Economic Stimulus Act of 2008  · Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008  · Troubled Assets Relief Program  · 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package

Company failures

New Century Financial Corporation · American Freedom Mortgage · American Home Mortgage · Lehman Brothers (bankruptcy) · NetBank · Terra Securities (scandal) · Sentinel Management Group · Washington Mutual · Icesave · Kaupthing Singer & Friedlander · Yamato Life

Government bailouts
and takeovers

Northern Rock (nationalization) · IndyMac Federal Bank · Fannie Mae (takeover) · Freddie Mac (takeover) · American International Group · Bradford & Bingley · Fortis · Glitnir · Hypo Real Estate · Dexia · Landsbanki · Kaupthing · ING Group

Company acquisitions

Ameriquest Mortgage · Countrywide Financial · Bear Stearns · Alliance & Leicester · Merrill Lynch · Washington Mutual · Derbyshire Building Society · Cheshire Building Society · HBOS · Lehman Brothers · Wachovia · Sovereign Bank · Barnsley Building Society

Reorganizations

ACC Capital Holdings

Related entities

Federal Reserve System · Federal Housing Administration · Federal Housing Finance Agency · Federal Housing Finance Board · Government National Mortgage Association · Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight · Office of Financial Stability

Types of securities involved

Auction rate securities · Collateralized debt obligations  · Collateralized mortgage obligations · Credit default swaps · Mortgage-backed securities

Financial markets

Secondary mortgage market

Terminology: Bailout · Credit crunch (credit crisis) · Economic bubble · Financial contagion - Financial crisis · Interbank lending market · Liquidity crisis

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_II”

This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)

Grim & Evil was an American animated television series created by Maxwell Atoms. The series, which aired on Cartoon Network, consisted of two segments which were eventually spun off into their own shows, The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Evil Con Carne.

Contents

• 1 History
• 2 Segments
  • 2.1 Billy & Mandy
  • 2.2 Evil Con Carne

//

History

The show’s existence is largely the result of a viewer poll. An Internet and call-in event called the Big Pick was held from August 24 to August 25 in 2000. The three final choices were Grim and Evil, Whatever Happened to Robot Jones?, and Longhair and Doubledome. Out of the three, Grim and Evil won. The first season appeared on Cartoon Network in 2001. Robot Jones would later be made into a full series despite losing; Longhair and Doubledome would reappear with another pilot episode in another Big Pick-style show later on, only to fall short once again.

In 2003, the network separated Grim and Evil, effectively giving both a full length show. The short-lived Evil Con Carne show was cancelled once all the already-made episodes were aired. In 2004, Evil Con Carne was given another short-lived run with the newly created intro and end credits, only to be canceled again. “Grim and Evil”, in its original form, has not been seen on TV since 2003 (although the theme song has been seen on “The Cartoon Cartoon Show”). Some characters from Evil Con Carne, usually Skarr, occasionally appeared on The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy. Skarr was a co-star in Underfist, the TV movie set in the shared universe of the programs.

Segments

Billy & Mandy

Main article: The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy

Billy & Mandy is show about two neighborhood kids who force the Grim Reaper to be their best friend forever after defeating the Messenger of Death in a game of Limbo. This was the main segment, as two Billy & Mandy episodes were wrapped around an episode of Evil Con Carne.

Evil Con Carne

Main article: Evil Con Carne

Evil Con Carne was a show about an evil genius obsessed with taking over the world, whose disembodied brain was transplanted onto the head of a moronic circus bear. This was usually the backup to Grim Adventures as Evil Con Carne was put between two Billy & Mandy cartoons. On occasion, the format was reversed, with a two-part Evil Con Carne cartoon sandwiching one Billy & Mandy cartoon.

v • d • e

Cartoon Network Original Series

Cartoon Cartoons

Codename: Kids Next Door • Courage the Cowardly Dog • Cow and Chicken • Dexter’s Laboratory • Ed, Edd n Eddy • Evil Con Carne • The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy • Grim and Evil • I Am Weasel • Johnny Bravo • Mike, Lu & Og • The Powerpuff Girls • Sheep in the Big City • Time Squad • What a Cartoon! • Whatever Happened to Robot Jones?

Cartoon Network Studios Originals

Ben 10  • Ben 10: Alien Force  • Camp Lazlo  • Chowder  • Class of 3000  • Foster’s Home for Imaginary Friends  • The Life and Times of Juniper Lee  • The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack  • Megas XLR  • My Gym Partner’s a Monkey  • Squirrel Boy  • Samurai Jack  • The Secret Saturdays  • Transformers: Animated

Upcoming shows

Cartoonstitute

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grim_%26_Evil”

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

GPK (disambiguation) may stand for:

• Garbage Pail Kids, an animated Australian TV series.
• Grenzplankostenrechnung (GPK), a German costing methodology developed in the 1940’s.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPK”

There are three French princesses with the name Blanche, all of them were members of the House of Capet they are:

• Blanche of France (1253–1323), daughter of Louis VIII of France and Marguerite of Provence.
• Blanche of France (1282-1305), daughter of Philip III of France and his second wife Maria of Brabant.
• Blanche, Duchess of Orléans, daughter of Charles IV of France and his third wife Jeanne d’Évreux.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_France_(disambiguation)”

Yacht transport is the shipping of a yacht to a destination instead of sailing or motoring it. Yacht transport is an alternative to the traditional passaging (sailing or motoring) to reach desired destinations around the globe. Transport when compared to passaging (sailing or motoring) is cost effective, safer and improves availability.

For many dedicated sailors, passaging (sailing or motoring) or an ocean crossing is a “a rite of passage” but it comes with many risks and expenses. For many serious cruisers, financial, business and family considerations argue against the long term full time dedication that ocean crossings require. Yacht transport becomes an alternative when the destination is more important than the passaging (sailing or motoring).

Yacht transport generally, eliminates costly, time consuming, and dangerous difficult ocean crossings, opening up cruising to more people. Container cruising, one approach to yacht transport is significantly less expensive and has greater flexibility with respect to timing and destinations. The drawback to container cruising is that there are a limited number of yachts that have the necessary 7.5 ft. beam to fit in the 8 ft wide standard container.

The methods for transport are:

Semi-submersible Ships (SSS):

Semi-submersible ships were developed to move large (project) cargoes, but have now been adapted for yacht shipping. These ships are semi-submersible. This means that by ballasting, they can submerge their cargo holds. To load, yachts under their own power motor into the flooded cargo holds. Once all the yachts are in position and secured, divers weld hull supports into place. The ship deballasts and sails away. At discharge port arrival, the process is reversed with the ship ballasting, allowing the yachts to exit. Semi-submersible shipping is arranged by the owners.

Deck Cargo:

Yachts can be shipped as deck cargo. Yachts are loaded directly from the water or from shore. Yachts are loaded by ship or by shore cranes in cradles either supplied by the carrier or the owner. For conventional deck cargo shipping, the rigging is left intact. Yachts are also transported by container ships. Because container freight is sold on the basis of total enclosed volume, efforts are made to decrease that volume, including derigging the boat. Deck cargo shipping is normally arranged directly with the shipping lines or with brokers who specialize in yacht deck cargo shipping.

Container Shipment:

If a yacht meets the restrictions imposed by container sizing, typically 39 ft. (11.9 m.) x 7.5 ft. (2.3 m.) x 9.3 ft (2.8 m.), container shipping is an alternative. Container shipping is arranged through freight forwarders.

Costs for Yacht Shipment

“Freight only” costs vary from as little as USD 3500 (2008) for container shipment to USD 50,000 (2008) or more for the other methods. Deck cargo and Semi-Submersible costs are a factor of yacht volume and distance shipped. Current typical costs for forty foot sailing yachts from the US East Coast to the Caribbean run at about USD 20,000 (2008). Additional costs include the cost of preparation, cradles, documentation, and customs and other government fees. Container shipment costs are almost independent of distance shipped and depend more on imbalances in container locations.

Scheduling

The Semi-submersible ships travel on fixed schedules over popular routes such as to and from the US, Europe, the Caribbean, and Pacific Ocean destinations.

While in theory, deck cargoes can be arranged between any two ports and at any time, costs are reduced if a number of yachts are shipped together. Because most ships are non-US Flag carriers, they are forbidden by law to transport cargoes between US ports. To comply with the law, they will load or discharge in Canada, the Bahamas or Mexico. Container shipping offers complete flexibility with respect to ports and timing.

Security

The locked and sealed container provides the best overall security. The semi-submersible ships because they are dedicated to yacht transport also offer a secure environment. In addition to theft an other potential problem is losses at sea partial or total. Probability of losses is low, reflected by the lower cost of insurance.

The increasing cost of fuel, the convenience, and the ability to go anywhere make yacht transport an attractive alternative.

Links:

Semi-Submerisable-http://www.yacht-transport.com

Deck Cargo-http://www.sevenstar.nl/

Deck Cargo-http://www.yachtpath.com/

Container Yachts-http://www.containeryachts.com/

Web sites with more information about yacht transport and container cruising include:

Deck Cargo-http://www.sevenstar.nl/

Submerisable-http://www.yacht-transport.com/

Deck Cargo-http://www.yachtpath.com/

All Types-http://www.petersandmay.com/da/13138

Container Cruising-http://www.containeryachts.com/

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht_Transport”

Shannon

Gender:
Male & Female

Origin:
Irish

Meaning:
wise river

Shannon is a name that originated in Ireland and is directly linked to the River Shannon. The name is a combination of Irish sean “old, wise” and abhainn “river”. Shannon is now used as a first name for both males and females. A common misconception is that the word Shannon means wise when in fact it is really named after the river.

The name Shannon was once only a masculine name. The popularity of the name Shannon as a boy’s name slowly declined in the 20th century; like many other names (e.g., Ashleigh, Kim, Dana) Shannon eventually morphed into a name used almost exclusively for girls. This trend started between the 1960s and the 1990s. Other forms of Shannon are Shanan, Shanen, Shannan, Shannen and Shanon.

Shannon can also be a short form of ‘Shanahan’, a variant of the Irish masculine name Seanán, which means “little wise person” or “small but wise”.

Shannon can refer to the following:

Contents

• 1 Shannon
• 2 People
  • 2.1 Surname
  • 2.2 First name
  • 2.3 Alternative spellings
• 3 Entertainment
• 4 Places
• 5 Other
• 6 References

//

Shannon

The name has relatives Shane, Shayne and Sian .

People

Surname

• Bob Shannon, wrote first bulletin board system (BBS) for the Commodore VIC-20
• Bob Shannon (WCBS-FM), radio personality
• Claude Elwood Shannon, information theorist
• Darryl Shannon, former NHL player
• David Shannon, author
• Del Shannon, rock singer/songwriter
• Frederick A. Shannon, herpetologist
• James Shannon, Democratic politician from Massachusetts
• James Jebusa Shannon, Anglo-American painter
• Mike Shannon, former American baseball player, sportscaster
• Mark Shannon, notable photographer, descendant of Michael M. Shannon
• Molly Shannon, actress on Saturday Night Live
• Paul Shannon, television presenter
• Peter Shannon, christian singer, composer, musician
• Randy Shannon, football coach of the University of Miami Hurricanes
• Scott Shannon, radio personality
• Sharon Shannon, Irish musician
• Steve Shannon, American politician
• T. Sean Shannon, comedy writer
• Terry Shannon, computer technology journalist
• Thomas A. Shannon, Jr., Assistant U.S. Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs
• William V. Shannon, former editor of the New York Times

First name

• Shannon (singer), real name Shannon Brenda Greene
• Shannon Barnes, first grade teacher
• Marty Wilde, pseudonym “Shannon”, real name Reginald Leonard Smith
• Shannon Bramer, Canadian poet
• Shannon Burke, GSA Sotball MVP, world-famous innovative environmentalist, and golfer.
• Shannen Doherty, American actress
• Shannon Elizabeth, American actress
• Shannon Hale, an author known for young-adult fiction
• Shannon Hoon, lead singer of the band Blind Melon
• Shannon Larkin, drummer of the American Godsmack
• Shannon Leto, drummer of 30 Seconds to Mars
• Shannon Lee, Actress, daughter of Bruce Lee
• Shannon Lively, teenage actor
• Shannon Lucid, US Astronaut
• Shannon Martinson, Famous Skywarn storm spotter, North Dakota Choir and FBLA Member
• Shannon Matthews, the child concerned in the Disappearance of Shannon Matthews
• Shannon Miller, American Olympic gymnast
• Shannon Moore, professional wrestler
• Shannon Noll, Australian rock singer
• Shannon Rempel, Canadian speed skater
• Shannon Rutherford, fictional character on the ABC drama television series Lost.
• Shannon Sharpe, anAmerican football player
• Shannon Spruill, a professional wrestler who has performed as “Shannon”
• Shannon Stewart (baseball player)
• Shannon Stewart (model), runner-up on America’s Next Top Model, Cycle 1
• Shannon Stewart (Playmate), Playboy model
• Shannon Lee Tweed, actress
• Shannon Bex, member of American girl group Danity Kane

Alternative spellings

• Shannen Doherty
• Shannyn Sossamon

Entertainment

• Shannon (1960s TV series), a short-lived 1960s American television series
• Shannon (1980s TV series), a short-lived 1980s American television series starring Kevin Dobson
• Shannon, a song released in 1976 by Henry Gross about Beach Boy Carl Wilson’s deceased dog
• Shannon’s Mob, a 1970s Australian television series

Places

• River Shannon, Ireland’s longest river
• Shannon International Airport, an airport in Ireland
• Shannon, County Clare, a town in Ireland
• Shannon, Quebec, Canada
• Shannon, New Zealand, a town in New Zealand.

Other

• HMS Shannon, several naval ships
• Shannon Development, a development company in Ireland
• Shannon (Formula One), a defunct Formula One constructor
• Shannon RFC, rugby club in Limerick
• Shannon index of biodiversity
• Shannon’s Way, a novel by Scottish author A. J. Cronin
• The bit, a unit of information, is also known as a shannon after Claude E. Shannon.

References

1. ^ Behind the Name. “Shannon”. Retrieved on 2007-05-13.
2. ^ Behind the Name. “Seanán”. Retrieved on 2007-05-13.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon”

The name Doctor McCoy may refer to either one of two beloved Science Fiction characters:

• Dr. Leonard McCoy of Star Trek
• Dr. Henry McCoy of X-Men

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_McCoy_(disambiguation)”

“Love Is a Wonderful Thing” is the name of two songs:

• “Love Is a Wonderful Thing” (Michael Bolton song), a single by Michael Bolton.
• “Love Is a Wonderful Thing” (Peggy Zina song), a single by Peggy Zina and former candidate to represent Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_a_Wonderful_Thing”

Riedel is a surname of German origin. The name refers to:

• Georg Riedel compose (1934-)
• Klaus Riedel rocket pioneer (1907-1944)
• Lars Riedel discus thrower (1967-)
• Ludwig Riedel botanist (1790-1861)
• Oliver Riedel musician (1961-)
• Walter Riedel rocket pioneer (1902-1968)

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riedel_(surname)”

For a discussion of the social custom, see betrothal.

• There are also several literary works called The Betrothed.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betrothed”