Robert Buchanan may refer to:
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Buchanan”
Leighton Hall can refer to:
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This article may not meet the general notability guideline or one of the following specific guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Biographies, Books, Companies, Fiction, Music, Neologisms, Numbers, Web content, or several proposals for new guidelines. If you are familiar with the subject matter, please expand or rewrite the article to establish its notability. The best way to address this concern is to reference published, third-party sources about the subject. If notability cannot be established, the article is more likely to be considered for redirection, merging, or deletion, per Wikipedia:Guide to deletion.
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Please wikify this article or section.
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The term E-Mail Letter revers to a letter which is composed as a virtual e-mail, and is delivered as a real letter, to the receivers mailbox. It is a communication means between the virtual cyber- and the material or real world.
The printer or mail transfer agent prints the electronic mail on paper, it is put into an envelope and the mail delivery agent or postman delivers it to the receivers mailbox. Generally for a small fee. Small amounts and single E-Mail Letters may however be free of charge depending on the service provider.
Contents
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Who is offering this service?
The Swiss post offered this service until december 07. 2008 20:00 when it was shot down because of small useage and negative costumer feedback.
Pricelist E-Mail Letter - Without attachment (2 pages) - With attachment (5MB or up to 15 additional pages in print).
Automatically renewed monthly ’starter kit’ CHF 5.00
Letter E-Mail
The reverse scenario, where people send real letters and you get them as emails on your computer. Postmail called this service postbutler has been terminated. Source: inbox?
(1) https://login.postmail.ch/postbox/PostMail.do
(2) https://login.postmail.ch/postbox-resources/help/de_CH/viel_gestellte_fragen/faq_letter.htm
(3) https://login.postmail.ch/postbox-resources/help/de_CH/produkt-info/info_pro_letter.htm
(4) https://login.postmail.ch/postbox-resources/help/de_CH/diverses/preise.htm Sources: Please note that these sources may be permanently removed after december 07. december 2008.
See also
Notes
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Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nehtefa/E-Mail_Letter”
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Please wikify this article or section.
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The term E-Mail Letter revers to a letter which is composed as a virtual e-mail, and is delivered as a real letter, to the receivers mailbox. It is a communication means between the virtual cyber- and the material or real world.
The printer or mail transfer agent prints the electronic mail on paper, it is put into an envelope and the mail delivery agent or postman delivers it to the receivers mailbox. Generally for a small fee. Small amounts and single E-Mail Letters may however be free of charge depending on the service provider.
Contents
//
Who is offering this service?
The Swiss post offered this service until december 07. 2008 20:00 when it was shot down because of small useage and negative costumer feedback.
Pricelist E-Mail Letter - Without attachment (2 pages) - With attachment (5MB or up to 15 additional pages in print).
Automatically renewed monthly ’starter kit’ CHF 5.00
Letter E-Mail
The reverse scenario, where people send real letters and you get them as emails on your computer. Postmail called this service postbutler has been terminated.
Sources:
(1) https://login.postmail.ch/postbox/PostMail.do
(2) https://login.postmail.ch/postbox-resources/help/de_CH/viel_gestellte_fragen/faq_letter.htm
(3) https://login.postmail.ch/postbox-resources/help/de_CH/produkt-info/info_pro_letter.htm
(4) https://login.postmail.ch/postbox-resources/help/de_CH/diverses/preise.htm Sources: Please note that the above sources may be permanently removed after december 07. december 2008.
(5) http://www.tylergram.com
(6) http://www.gemadec.com
(7) http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/09/30/l-mail_web_post/
(8) http://www.l-mail.com/
(9) http://www.ezgram.com/
(10) http://www.theopenpress.com/index.php?a=press&id=1139
See also
Notes
This article is actively undergoing a major edit for … this section is being expanded during the next 5 hours.
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[[
This article relating to communication is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This postal system-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Mail_Letter”
This article or section includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations.
You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (November 2008)
“Packaging” redirects here. For the semiconductor device fabrication term, see integrated circuit packaging.
A sealed pack of diced pork from Tesco. It shows the cooking time, number of servings, ‘display until’ date, ‘use by’ date, weight in kg, price, price to weight ratio in both £/kg and £/lb, freezing and storage instructions. It says ‘Less than 3% Fat’ and ‘No Carbs per serving’ and includes a barcode. The Union Flag, British Farm Standard tractor logo, and British Meat Quality Standard logo imply that it is British pork.
Tablets in a blister pack, which was itself packaged in a folding carton made of paperboard.
Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages. Package labeling (BrE) or labeling (AmE) is any written, electronic, or graphic communications on the packaging or on a separate but associated label.
Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects. preserves, transports, informs, and sells. It is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industry, and personal use.
Contents
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The purposes of packaging and package labels
Packaging and package labeling have several objectives:
Packaging types
Various household packaging types for foods
Packaging may be looked at as several different types. For example a transport package or distribution package is the package form used to ship, store, and handle the product or inner packages. Some identify a consumer package as one which is directed toward a consumer or household.
Packaging may discussed in relation to the type of product being packaged: medical device packaging, bulk chemical packaging, over-the-counter drug packaging, retail food packaging, military materiel packaging, pharmaceutical packaging, etc.
It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function: “primary”, “secondary”, etc.
These broad categories can be somewhat arbitrary. For example, depending on the use, a shrink wrap can be primary packaging when applied directly to the product, secondary packaging when combining smaller packages, and tertiary packaging on some distribution packs.
Symbols used on packages and labels
Many types of symbols for package labeling are nationally and internationally standardized. For consumer packaging, symbols exist for product certifications, trademarks, proof of purchase, etc. Some requirements and symbols exist to communicate aspects of consumer use and safety. Recycling directions, Resin identification code (below), and package environmental claims have special codes and symbols.
Bar codes (below), Universal Product Codes, and RFID labels are common to allow automated information management.
“Wikipedia” encoded in Code 128
Shipments of hazardous materials or dangerous goods have special information and symbols (labels, plackards, etc) as required by UN, country, and specific carrier requirements. Two examples are below:
With transport packages, standardised symbols are also used to aid in handling. Some common ones are shown below while others are listed in ASTM D5445 “Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods” and ISO 780 “Pictorial marking for handling of goods”.
Fragile
Do not use hand hooks
This way up
Keep away from sunlight
Keep away from water
Centre of gravity
Clamp as indicated
Do not clamp as indicated
Package development considerations
Package design and development are often thought of as an integral part of the new product development process. Alternatively, development of a package (or component) can be a separate process, but must be linked closely with the product to be packaged. Package design starts with the identification of all the requirements: structural design, marketing, shelf life, quality assurance, logistics, legal, regulatory, graphic design, end-use, environmental, etc. The design criteria, time targets, resources, and cost constraints need to be established and agreed upon.
Transport packaging needs to be matched to its logistics system. Packages designed for controlled shipments of uniform pallet loads may not be suited to mixed shipments with express carriers.
An example of how package design is affected by other factors is the relationship to logistics. When the distribution system includes individual shipments by a small parcel carrier, the sortation, handling, and mixed stacking make severe demands on the strength and protective ability of the transport package. If the logistics system consists of uniform palletized unit loads, the structural design of the package can be designed to those specific needs: vertical stacking, perhaps for a longer time frame. A package designed for one mode of shipment may not be suited for another.
Sometimes the objectives of package development seem contradictory. For example, regulations for an over-the-counter drug might require the package to be tamper-evident and child resistant: These intentionally make the package difficult to open. The intended consumer, however, might be handicapped or elderly and be unable to readily open the package. Meeting all goals is a challenge.
Package design may take place within a company or with various degrees of external packaging engineering: contract engineers, consultants, vendor evaluations, independent laboratories, contract packagers, total outsourcing, etc. Some sort of formal Project planning and Project Management methodology is required for all but the simplest package design and development programs. An effective quality management system and verification and validation protocols are mandatory for some types of packaging and recommended for all.
Package development involves considertions for sustainability, environmental responsibility, and applicable environmental and recycling regulations. It may involve a life cycle assessment which considers the material and energy inputs and outputs to the package, the packaged product (contents), the packaging process, the logistics system, waste management, etc. It is necessary to know the relevant regulatory requirements for point of manufacture, sale, and use.
The traditional “three R’s” of reduce, reuse, and recycle are part of a waste hierarchy which may be considered in product and package development.
Development of sustainable packaging is an area of considerable interest by standards organizations, government, consumers, packagers, and retailers.
Shipping container labeling
“Print & Apply” corner wrap UCC (GS1-128) label application to a pallet load
Shipping containers include crates, corrugated fiberboard boxes, modules, pallets, ocean containers, air containers, trailers, and other handling units found in the distribution channel.
Three core technologies related to shipping containers are identification codes, bar codes, and electronic data interchange (EDI). These three core technologies serve to enable the business functions in the process of shipping containers throughout the distribution channel. Each has an essential function: identification codes either relate product information or serve as keys to other data, bar codes allow for the automated input of identification codes and other data, and EDI moves data between trading partners within the distribution channel.
Elements of these core technologies include UPC and EAN item identification codes, the SCC-14 (UPC shipping container code), the SSCC-18 (Serial Shipping Container Codes), Interleaved 2-of-5 and UCC/EAN-128 (newly designated GS1-128) bar code symbologies, and ANSI ASC X12 and UN/EDIFACT EDI standards.
Small parcel carriers often have their own formats. For example, United Parcel Service has a MaxiCode 2-D code for parcel tracking.
RFID labels for shipping containers are also increasing in usage. A Wal-Mart division, Sam’s Club, has also moved in this direction and is putting pressure on on its suppliers for compliance.
Packaging machines
A choice of packaging machinery includes, technical capabilities, labor requirements, worker safety, maintainability, serviceability, reliability, ability to integrate into the packaging line, capital cost, floorspace, flexibility (change-over, materials, etc.), energy usage, quality of outgoing packages, qualifications (for food, pharmaceuticals, etc.), throughput, efficiency, productivity, ergonomics, etc.
High speed conveyor with bar code scanner for sorting transport packages
Label printer applicator applying a label to adjacent panels of a corrugated box.
Packaging machines may be of the following general types:
Market structure
Global packaging industry was worth $450 billion in 2007
History
The first packages used the natural materials available at the time: Baskets of reeds, wineskins (Bota bags), wooden boxes, pottery vases, ceramic amphorae, wooden barrels, woven bags, etc. Processed materials were used to form packages as they were developed: for example, early glass and bronze vessels. The study of old packages is an important aspect of archaeology.
Iron and tin plated steel were used to make cans in the early 19th century. Paperboard cartons and corrugated fiberboard boxes were first introduced in the late 19th century.
Packaging advancements in the early 20th century included Bakelite closures on bottles, transparent cellophane overwraps and panels on cartons, increased processing efficiency and improved food safety. As additional materials such as aluminum and several types of plastic were developed, they were incorporated into packages to improve performance and functionality.
See also
Hundreds of links are in the
References
Bibliography
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling”
Hatari may refer to many things:
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatari_(disambiguation)”
Raukawa may refer to :
Botany
Social groups
People
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raukawa”
Macedon or Makedon can refer to:
See also
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedon_(disambiguation)”
Anniston can refer to
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniston”
Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987, creates the goods nomenclature called the Combined Nomenclature, or in abbreviated form ‘CN’, established to meet, at one and the same time, the requirements both of the Common Customs Tariff and of the external trade statistics of the European Union.
The codes and the descriptions of goods established on the basis of the combined nomenclature shall replace those established on the basis of the nomenclatures of the Common Customs Tariff and the Nimexe.
It is established on the basis of the harmonized system. The combined nomenclature shall comprise : (a) the harmonized system nomenclature; (b) Community subdivisions to that nomenclature, referred to as ‘CN subheadings’ in those cases where a corresponding rate of duty is specified; (c) preliminary provisions, additional section or chapter notes and footnotes relating to CN subheadings.
Each CN subheading shall have an eight digit code number : (a) the first six digits shall be the code numbers relating to the headings and subheadings of the harmonized system nomenclature; (b) the seventh and eighth digits shall identify the CN subheadings
The Commission established an integrated tariff, of the European Communities, referred to as the ‘Taric’, based on the combined nomenclature.
The combined nomenclature, together with the rates of duty and other relevant charges, and the tariff measures included in the Taric or in other Community arrangements shall constitute the common customs tariff referred to in Article 9 of the Treaty, which shall be applied on the importation of goods into the Community
Member States may insert subdivisions after the CN subheadings for national statistical purposes, and after the Taric subheadings for other national purposes.
The Commission shall be assisted by a Committee on Tariff and Statistical Nomenclature, called the ‘Nomenclature Committee’.
‘Favourable tariff arrangement’ means any reduction or suspension, even under a tariff quota, of a customs duty or charge having equivalent effect or of an agricultural levy or other import charge provided for under the common agricultural policy or under the specific arrangements applicable to certain goods resulting form the processing of agricultural products.
Commission shall adopt each year by means of a Regulation a complete version of the combined nomenclature together with the corresponding autonomous and conventional rates of duty of the Common Customs Tariff, as it results from measures adopted by the Council or by the Commission. said Regulation shall be published not later than 31 October in the Official Journal of the European Communities and it shall apply from 1 January of the following year.
External links
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Nomenclature”
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